Adultery Is Not a Crime

" Successful marriage requires falling in love many times, always with the same person " over the years marriage has been considered as the sacred bond and respected across the societies.

Now a days due to lack of Faith rather say interest, lack of skills to solve relationship problems, inability to understand partners needs, attitude towards intimacy, lack of time, people are prosy about eating the so-called Dal Bhat and searching for Biryani! They are moving away from marriage and start searching for new partners. this trend is running the promising of marriage in urban compared to rural areas.

For human to be able to live in a society, there must be laws to govern him. If these laws cease to exist there will be chaos. ensuring this, the supreme Court of India struck down the primitive section 497 of the Indian penal code, which had made adultery a criminal offence. The apex court rules the section 497 of the Indian penal code violated article 14 - right to equality and article 15 - prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, religion etc. In order to understand the judgement we need to understand the origin of such a law.

Indian panel code 497 give a husband the exclusive right to prosecute his wife's lover. similar right was not conferred on a wife to prosecute the woman with whom her husband has committed adultery.

Indian society has had a character of a patriarchal society. The job of women restricted to the cores of household. All the major and minor decisions of her life were taken by her father before the marriage and husband after the marriage. This predominant culture of Indian society made the woman nothing but a chattle of her husband. This very nature is reflected in section 497 of Indian panel code dealing with adultery. The decision of supreme Court to strike down section 497 made clear two things first the wife is not the property of men and second the equality before law for both the men and women. Sexuality is a something which is intrinsic and personal to every human being and no one can be compelled to establish sexual relations with anyone. Section 497 did not considered adultery as a criminal offence if the husband had his consent for her sexual affairs of his wife with other men.

Adultery, though not a criminal offence today but stands to be a civil offence. According to Chief Justice of India Deepak Mishra, adultery can be a ground for divorce and if any aggrieved spouse commits suicide because of life partners adulterous relation then if evidence produced it could be treated as an abetment to suicide.
By strucking down the practice of adultery the apex court has upheld the principle of equality. Our government are working in directions which were empowering women in all aspects of life and her future endeavour. But still there exist some practices which are hampering the growth of women in India. Such issues are marital rape, child marriage, pregnancy and child bearing occur before adolescent girls are fully developed, exposing them to great health risks.

The manner in which adultery was struck down on the ground of violation of fundamental rights, in a similar way the judiciary shall also enable a provision which shall protect women in these cases.
Adultery is not such a crime to get imprisonment. It serves as a basis of a divorce, hurts his conscience and the punishment has been given in the form of divorce will serve as punishment.

Strengthening land rights strengthening development

Story 1 : Abhijit my childhood friend lives in a remote village of India who owns one bigha land. He is a hardworking farmer able to grow 3 crops here on his land. This land is the source of livelihood for him and his family. But he don't have any documents Since his father exchanged the land with local Zamindar without taking money. Zamindar already registered the land but his father unable to do so due to financial crisis. Vande government announced a highway project goes from the village. government acquired the tiny land of Abhijit with no compensation as he hasn't any documents regarding the land. The land was belong to Zamindar so they got the compensation Abhijit alienated from his land and source of livelihood.

Story 2 : Shyam Lal on a 5 Bigha land in a small village of India and he do farming in it. Land is the only source of livelihood for him. But his produces is less as owns small land. The Government of India started blue revolution scheme to increase farmers income and giving up to 75% subsidy on fish farming project. Shyam Lal have all the documents regarding land and decided to dig up a pond in place of his land and started fish farming under the scheme. Now Shyam Lal on thrice income than before.

story of Abhijit showed us land land is the lack of clear land rides can bring my Siri to common man and on the other hand clear land rights can bring prosperity in common man just like Shyam Lal. Land is the head of development of any Nation. Land is the source of power and vital for livelihood security. India is predominantly agrarian economy as agriculture has 54% job producing sector. So, for India land is the central part of rural Development. if the agricultural production is enough then manufacturing sector will get more trust as well as service sector. 

Ex ; Jute(agriculture) ->

Bags(manufacturing) ->

Marketing(service)

Apart from development land is also the source of status in the society. It provides Security at the crisis moment in the family. Thus the land is providing so many things the land writes automatically become more significant for so many reasons

First, as we see in the first story Abhijit was eliminated from land due to lack of cogent land rights, many farmers also lost their land because of clear land rides and tend to live in poverty. 

Second, if farmers have the land rights (like Shyam Lal) they can mortgage their land papers for fulfilling their dreams such as paying fees for children, marriage expenditure etc. Small land owning farmers still more secure than landless farmers.

Third, clear land rights can help the farmers from the conflict of ownership, land disputes. millions of civil cases are pending in our judicial system related to land dispute.

Moreover land rights can bring gender equality in society presently 80% of rural women in India are engaged in agriculture but only 13 % own  land. If If they have land right there will be more confident and empowered. 

after discussing the importance of land rights now take a glance of India's cycle of land rights. Shirley Pali text of Pre mauryan period land or villages granted subrahamanya by the ruler of kosala and Magadha. however the earliest epigraphic record of a land grants in India is a satvahana inscription of the first century. Gautamiputra satakarni included rights such as royal troops could not enter such land granted,  government officials and district police was not supposed to disturb such lands. In course of time Britishers came in India and rule for nearly 2 century brought the private property phenomena in Indian society. Before 8 India had jajmani system which was based on reciprocal activities. King gave green to service providers in term of receiving services from them. Jajmani system maintain good social relation which later win by private property phenomena. Zamindari mahalwari and ryotwari brought much grief to pigeons as they still did not have clear land rights.

After independence government abolished the zamindari system. Many small and landless farmers and peasants came direct in contact with government. father tenancy reforms and tenancy rights also initiated which improve the condition of tenants. Besides this feeling of land ownership and redistribution of land under land Reform Act brought prosperity for landless farmers. The government did work a lot but the success of land rights far ahead. government failed to provide cogent land rides to people due to many reasons like of uncommitted Bureaucracy, lethargy in judicial system, hand in glove of the bureaucrats.

 I want to share my experience regarding mutation. Though there is a public service Act 2013 under this act any mutation must be completed under the maximum 30 working days in case of delay the official will be liable to answer. but unfortunate that in next one 190 days I did not get the mutation paper in between I had to submitted the same file/case for four more time because they miss out the file. Can you imagine how much negligencey happening in governance? I complain higher authority but no action has been taken. There is many  rules and regulations, law are available in governance but there is very few who abide by those law. Message for those corrupted lazy officials: I request you on behalf of all Indians honesty is expected of you honestly makes the heart lighter, less burden. Be honest, keep working your honesty intact the country will progress alongside.

There was a huge lecunae between government policies and execution. So governmentneeds to work out on this.

If a farmer get the land rights he will put more effort but tenet  farmers will Not put that much of effort to increase production. Recently Orissa Government (first of its kind )ruled out a project to give land title to slum dwellers in the Ganjam district. It will ensure slum dwellers the freedom from fear of eviction. so in a society every people wants security and land is the prime of them. This types of initiative (Government of Odisha) can put the Thrust in the development. In general government can stop loan waiving and provide land rights to our farmersr free of cost. Above all government needs to evaluate the employee credential and scrutinize their work.

Father, land rights also help in reducing disaster risk and building climate resilience infrastructure. people lost their homes after disaster and also lost their livelihood sources but if they have clear land rights they can again claim their past lands and homes and can restart there life after disaster (Kerala Flood).

Recently, Indian government decided to modernize the land record with the help of technology. Andhra Pradesh have gone one step ahead using blockchain technology to update land records. Orissa Government with the help of Tata Prestige distributor in deland write certificate to slum dwellers. Sach initiative can bring prosperity for the nation.

To be precise, land and development are the sides of the same coin. Without the presence of won any Nation can't march on the way of progress. Land is the trunk of a nation and land rights are the stalks that can prosper the tree like Nation by inclusive resilience development.

Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 - Improvement over 1995 Act

 We are not disabled by out physical composition. We are disabled by the public infrastructure that doesn't include us. Disable is the design of those architects, engineers, and constructors that designed those building which don't bear with us.
                        Sociology NCRT- XI

   By passing the Right of Persons With Disabilities Bill ( PWDs) the parliament has adopted a radically transformative piece of legislation that addresses the concerns of arguably the most marginalised section of society. According to 2011s Census India is the  home to 27 million people with disabilities and that's a large underestimation.

About the Bill:

    The new law empowers Persons with disabilities with the right to equality, preservation of dignity, and personal liberty.
PWDs act 2016 has been given special focus on vocational training and self empowerment. Preceding 1995 Act was provided free education till 18 Years and 3% reservation in government employment for persons with disabilities whereas the subsequent act comes with major differences like 4% reservation of seats in government sector and 5% seats in the private entities for employment.

The Significant difference of Persons with disabilities act 2016 was the type of disabilities have been increased to 21 instead of only 7 disabilities recognised in 1995.
Establishment of national and states funds subsuming present fund for PWDs and for empowerment of differently able persons.
Provision of guardianship with the consent of differently able persons.

Interestingly the new act is in conformity with United Nations Convention on Persons with Disabilities to which India is signatory.

   The disability sector has been waiting for this law patiently for the last two decades. It's the time to implement the new Persons with disabilities act 2016.

 This new law will ensure enjoyment of rights by PWDs on an equal basis with non disabled citizens of India. The new law would be a game changer if above mentioned concerns are implemented.

POD TAXI - A Game Changer Technology

Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) is a public transport mode that offers Personal on-demand origin to destination travel on a dedicated network. The system features small automated vehicles - Cable car or POD cars equipped to carry a small group of passengers.

The modern PRT concept began around 1953, by Donn Fichter a city transport developer started research on PRT and alternative transit methods.

In 1967, Aramis Project an experimental PRT system was started by MATRA in Paris however the project was cancelled due to its qualification trials. Between 1970 and 1978 Japan operated a project named Computer Controlled Vehicle System (CVS) which operated 84 vehicles at the speeds up to 60 kilometres per hour on a 4.8 kilometre guideway.

  Union minister of Road Transport and highways Mr. Nitin Gadkari said the work on pilot project of Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) - proposed POD taxi between Rajiv Chowk of New Delhi to Gurugram under National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).

POD taxi is a dream project of our Union minister Mr. Gadkari which estimated cost around Rs. 4000 crore.
This project is headed by SK Dharmadhikari with five members in the committee to maintain safety standards and and technological support. The POD taxi will follow the American standards of safety laid down by American society of civil engineers.

What is POD TAXI and its Features 

  POD taxi is a high speed, driverless, electric vehicle which runs through dedicated platform. POD taxi is a unique way for travel to provide a taxi like responsive feeder and shuttle services for small groups of travellers.
    PODs can carry up to  5 passengers at a time.
    Its a fully automated, driverless vehicle that travel independently over an overhead network which is usually about 5-10 metres above the ground, ergo we can easily say it's a "Mini Metro"
    PODs are equipped with military grade wireless technology and sensors which are monitored at a command base and on the ground for extra security and safety.
   The PODs are not affected by the adverse weather conditions.

For sustainable future POD taxi will be a game changer technology to reduce traffic as well as pollution. Being an inexpensive, sustainable, profitable, quickly implementable in difficult situation, high capacity, extremely comfortable and more over eco friendly this transit model has a bright prospect not only in National capital region or throughout India but also globally as it has relevance in every urban context in every continent.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. To make it simple AI is manifested by machines. Its a branch of computer science which deals with computer or machines as intelligent as human beings. The term Artificial intelligence first coined in 1956 by Jhon McCarthy at Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts Institute of technology, USA.
      Artificial intelligence mainly divides into two section 1. Conventional Artificial intelligence, its mostly involved in machine learning. 2. Computational Artificial intelligence which involves iterative development (parameter tuning, non symbolic AI.

     Artificial intelligence deals with intelligent behaviour, learning, speech recognition, facial recognition, handwriting, scanning in machine.
AI system are now in routine use in medicine, military, banking, strategy games. The dynamic use of AI cause significant change in today's society.
    A Virtual Personal Assistance (VPA) or sometimes referred as CHATBOT isused in online chat program for various purposes. Considering the banks humanoid IRA (Intelligent Robotic Assistance) & chatbot EVA ( Electronic Virtual Assistance). While IRA can guide guide people at branch to find the relevant counter for them. EVA can answer common quarries of users who log on to the HDFC bank website.
The chatbot SIA (SBI Intelligent Assistant) of SBI will help customers with everyday banking tasks just like a bank representative.

Robot Lakshmi of Kumbakonam based City Union Bank will be the first site helper. 

Robot Lakshmi

Recently a significant information came into news from Saudi Arabia, SOPHIA - the first robot to be granted as their citizen. 

It's a humanoid developed by Hanson Robotics and inspired by Audrey Hepburn and David Hanson's wife.
 
An online poll found the most widely used Virtual personal assistance are Apple's Siri, Google now of Google, Amazon Alexa, Microsoft Cortena.
Video games, music & movie recommendation services like Pandora, Netflix, Sportify, Amazon Prime, are the sectors currently using Artificial intelligence successfully.

    Science always has two two aspects one is good and another is bad. Its all up to human how he defines it. AI is not an exception. There is a little doubt that AI will displace many low skilled jobs. Arguably robots have already taken many jobs from automobile sector. Take for an example, the concept of driverless car which could displace millions of human drivers. It can bring moral degradation in society. If scientists able to built built feelings in humanoid it can causes existential risk ( movie - Robot).
     Although AI industry is growing in rocket pace in every corner of the world so as in India also. Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) is the primary laboratory of DRDO for research and development in different areas of defence. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which came into existence in 1986 in Bangalore involved in the research and development of high quality secure communication, command, and intelligent systems, smart border surveillance and weather forecasting models to complement Digital India Mission.

    Despite some of the threats and challenges it would be stupid to argue that AI is not the future and its only a matter of time that machines will replace most of the jobs. Its doesn't mean the end of the road for humanity. We have a great history of technological revolution causing social and political changes in society.
In the early years there are bound to have some fears and challenges but so was the case with French revolution, Industrial revolution, Steam engines, Spinning machines, and most recently computers. Nevertheless, there will be more opportunities in the fields not yet known and there will be more jobs to cater the human needs.

AI has the potential to increase India's annual growth rate of Gross Value added  (GVA) by 1.3% lifting the country's income 15% by 2035. Recognising its huge potential many MNCs have started embracing the technology in a big way. In India's context we can expect a new set of opportunities that can gain higher business efficiency, and revenue augmentation to improve India's GDP,consumer experience, above all ease of doing business.

Classroom - The foundation of a Nation

           Nations are built over generation by blood & sweat of its Leaders, Businessmen, Scientists, Teachers, Doctors, and more importantly by ordinary citizens. The future of a nation depends on its children's who are the potential torch bearers. Thus their  growth and development of physical, intellectual and moral are a property for any nation. Ergo we can easily say that Destroying any nation doesn't require atomic bombs or the long ranger missiles. It only requires lowering the quality of education and allowing cheating in the examination.
Patients die at the hands of such Doctors. Buildings collapse at the hands of such Engineers. Money is lost at the hands of such scholars. Justice is lost at the hands of such judges.


        The e collapse of education is the collapse of a nation. So destiny of a nation shaped on its classroom because its a factory of potential engineers, doctors, teachers, scientists, scholars, leaders who shape  physical infrastructural and quality of life in a nation.

        An illiterate person becomes a burden on the nation and its growth.
Quality of primary and secondary education are necessary for formation of human capital.
History helps in Decision Making, Judgment Skills, Patriotism, Values, Lessons from the Past,to not repeat in future. Polity helps to build future Leaders and good understanding of Governance system. Language teaches Romanticism, Elegance, Nature. Geography teaches Interconnectedness, Mutual dependence of nations on each other. Environment teaches importance of Protecting the Environment. Mathematics teaches Accuracy, Logical thinking and science teaches Attacking Superstitions not excepting anything without proof.


       So basically Classrooms are essential for instilling right values ( i.e kindness, cleanliness, gender equality etc) which makes children's good and responsible citizen. Student learn discipline in schools which guide them throughout their personal and professional life.

      In India, nearly universal enrolment has been achieved in primary education. The quality of education being imparted and atmosphere in classroom has caused concern. Studies have shown that existing social discrimination on the basis of class caste and gender still exist in our country. Lower castes being asked to clean the toilets and sit on the floor. Higher education for girls are still not up to the mark. We have to go long way to achieve the mark remembering the quotes " you educated am man yo educated a man, you educated a women you educated a generation by Brigham Young.

To conclude, world noted Nelson Mandela once said "Education is the most powerful weapon that can change the world ". This statement is still relevant in present context.
We can remove poverty and other social bearers due to power or resources but with education we can alter the future of a  nation. Nations with excellent classrooms have always remained on the track of social development.

Subsidence Of Women : A Journey Towards Pale Era

Women  are the gift to the society. During ancient period of India women played significant role. The Rig Vedic women in India enjoyed high status in the society. The women were provided opportunity to attain high intellectual and spiritual standard. Since the Vedic period, women started being discriminated in education and other rights and facilities. Child marriage, widow burning, the Purdah and polygamy further worsened the women's position.
The epics  & Puranas equated women with property. Even Buddhism did very little for women. Though Mourya kings often employed female bodyguards, spies but their status was still quite bad. Upper class ladies accept Purdah system. Arthashastra imposed more stigmas on women as Kautilya dismissed women's liberation & they were not free even to go elsewhere without  her husbands permission. The Arthashastra in many ways more liberal than the religious law books, lays down quite stringent rules for the immodest wives. A woman who insolently takes part in games or drinks against her husband wishes, is to be fined three panas. If she leaves her home without husbands permission to visit another women she is to be fined six panas; if she visits a man the fine is twelve panas.
They became worse off in the Gupta period. The Smritishastras abused them ; Manu dictated a women would be dependent on her father in childhood, on her husband in youth and on her son in old age. Apart from Sati and child marriage, prostitution & devdasi system became widespread. Prostitution, Devdasi, Courtisans were important part of ancient Indian society.
Temple prostitution is most common in the south & their earliest literature shows that. That'swhy religious prostitution came naturally for Dravidians.
As in ancient Greece courtesans were often literate snd skilled in music, dancing, singing, acting, composing of poetry, flower arrangement, and garland making, the preparation of perfumes and cosmetics, cooking, dress making and embroidery, tongue twisters and other puzzles, gymnastics, teaching parrots, and clay modelling besides the usual sexual services. Regular prostitutes engaged in their trade in busy places. Repentant courtesans and prostitute sometimes went into buddhist nunneries.
Typical of such accomplished courtesans was Ambapali/Amrapali, the hetaira of  Vaishali, famous in Buddhist legend. Her life gives  a significant indication of the status of the better type of courtesan in ancient India. Ambapali was immensely wealthy, highly intelligent and famous throughout the civilized portion of India. 
She was one of the most treasured possession of her city and mixed on equal terms with princes. Ambapali is said to have become a Buddhist nun and one of the most beautiful poems of the pali con is attributed to her. 
From the example of the play "The Little Clay Cart" it would seem that a prostitute might became an honest women by marriage, for te heroine, the high souls courtesan Vasantasena ultimately becomes the second wife of the brahmin hero Charudatta.

Even In the  Mughal period, the courtesans of India had a turbulent reputation. Once they have seen as advisors to the Mughal courts.
Imagine a vast hall with the roof  seemingly with intricate murals and curvings soaked in real gold leaves, huge mirrors, and wall to wall Persian carpets. Crystal chandler's so vivid and vibrant that it seems the entire sky is engulfed in them.
Among all of this a dainty petite figure of a women sitting in the middle of the hallbeing the focus of  thirsty glances of kings and courtiers alike. The men admiring her and the women hidden behind a purdah aspiring to be her.
         The Mughals were very fond of such intellectual yet attractive women. The story of Salim (Jahangir) -Anarkali provided the evidences of  that. Not only Salim but Shah Jahan had Noor Begum and Gauhar Jaan. Aurangzeb was bedazzled by Moti Bai.
Historically speaking, courtesans were devdasi or who used to sing and dance for the presiding deity of the temple. These women were married to the presiding deity but the kings and courtiers also had a pleasure to witness their art of poetry, singing, dancing. They often quenched the pleasures of  the rich. Now comes a surprising fact can you imagine that all Indian classical dances like Kathak, Bharatnatyam, Odissi are just residuary art forms left behind by these courtesans?
Today one may hear the term "Kothewali" and immediately club it together with a perception of women with lowly charecter involved in prostitution. This wasn't always so. It was the British who condemned the practice of Devdasis, they bifurcated the pricely kingdoms causing a loss of patronage for the courtesans. For these reasons the courtesans now called the "Nautch Girls ", were forced to become mere sex workers because they needed to feed themselves and theirs families.
These courtesans now started catering to the rich and poor simultaneously. The art and culture in their performances became significantly lessen to mere sexual acts and dancing remained came under the canopy of "Mujra".
"Mujrewali or Kothewali" became the generic terms of prostitutes. The thin line between the learned courtesans and lowly sex workers was vanished. Incidentally a "Mujra" when seen has an uncanny resemblance with Kathak, a classical dance form of  India still common today.
Te courtesans performed "Mujra"  for British soldiers and other men. The men who came to visit them now didn't care about hearing poetry or watching inciting dancing and singing, they were just interested in sex. The era of the British raj is rightly called the dark ages of these heavenly courtesans.

           Some of the vast halls, cravings, murals, are still present in Indian sub-continent, standing alone screaming for their glory which is robbed by the Britishers. They are screaming to share their glory, fame, pride.
Theye are still standing and tell us in evry moment that "we are the burning truth of  India, the temple of  mankind. Our courtesans is our goddess, once they were worshipped by the kings, courtiers and intellectuals of the society and they are gifted by the art, poetry dance and music.

After Mughal period came the colonial era, the worst phase for the courtesans. The golden era of the Indian courtesans was now gone but the culture of  classical dance, music and poetry which they gifted to us must be preserved and their story must be shared to the world.